Profile of Chronic Conditions among Older Adults in Old-age Homes: A Cross-sectional Study from Odisha, India

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7363574/v1

Background: India's aging population increasingly relies on institutional care, yet limited research exists on the health profile of old-age home residents. Understanding chronic disease patterns in these settings is crucial for developing appropriate healthcare strategies.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of chronic conditions and identify associated sociodemographic factors among older adults residing in old-age homes in Odisha, India.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 168 residents aged ≥60 years from eight old-age homes across six districts of Odisha, selected through cluster random sampling. We used the validated Multimorbidity Assessment Questionnaire for Primary Care (MAQ-PC) to assess self-reported chronic conditions. We calculated descriptive statistics for prevalence estimates and used logistic regression analysis to examine associations with sociodemographic factors.

Results: The study population had a mean age of 71.3 years (SD±8.7), with 61.9% females. Arthritis was the most prevalent condition (48.2%, 95% CI: 40.7-55.8%), followed by hearing impairment (32.1%, 95% CI: 25.2-39.7%), chronic backache (29.2%, 95% CI: 22.5-36.5%), and hypertension (23.8%, 95% CI: 17.6-30.9%). Individuals aged ≥80 years showed significantly higher odds of arthritis (AOR: 2.98, 95% CI: 1.14-7.80) and chronic backache (AOR: 4.38, 95% CI: 1.58-12.13). Multimorbidity was present in 67.3% of residents, with an average of 2.4 chronic conditions per person.

Conclusions: This study reveals high prevalence of chronic conditions among old-age home residents in Odisha, with musculoskeletal disorders and sensory impairments being predominant. These findings highlight the need for specialized geriatric care standards and targeted healthcare services in institutional settings. However, results should be interpreted cautiously due to reliance on self-reported data and potential selection bias inherent in institutional care settings.

Elderly

chronic diseases

old-age homes

multimorbidity

India

institutional care

India is experiencing rapid demographic transition with its population aged 60 years and above projected to reach 173 million by 2026.¹ This demographic shift, coupled with changing family structures and urbanization, has led to increased reliance on institutional care for older adults. Old age homes, once uncommon in Indian society, are becoming more prevalent as traditional joint family systems evolve. ²

Chronic conditions represent a significant health challenge for aging populations globally, with India experiencing a particularly high burden. The prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among Indian elderly ranges from 60–80%, with multiple comorbidities being common. ³ However, most existing research focuses on community-dwelling elderly, leaving a significant knowledge gap regarding the health profile of institutionalized older adults.

Odisha, an eastern Indian state with 9.5% of its population aged ≥ 60 years, represents a unique context for studying elderly health due to its predominantly rural population and socioeconomic challenges. ⁴ Understanding the chronic disease burden in old age homes is essential for developing appropriate healthcare policies and intervention strategies for this vulnerable population.

The institutional setting presents unique challenges for chronic disease management, including limited specialized healthcare access, potential social isolation, and resource constraints. Previous studies from other Indian states have reported varying prevalence rates of chronic conditions among elderly populations, but comprehensive data from institutional settings in Odisha remain limited.⁵⁻⁷

This study aims to bridge this knowledge gap by examining the prevalence of chronic conditions and associated sociodemographic factors among older adults in old age homes across Odisha, providing insights for healthcare planning and policy development.

Study Design and Setting

A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023 in old age homes across Odisha, India. Odisha, with a population of 42 million, is administratively divided into three revenue zones: Central, Northern, and Southern divisions.

Study Population and Sampling

The target population comprised all residents aged ≥60 years in registered old age homes across Odisha. Using cluster random sampling, two districts were randomly selected from each revenue zone: Jagatsinghpur and Jajpur (Central), Angul and Dhenkanal (Northern), and Boudh and Ganjam (Southern). All registered old age homes in these districts were included, resulting in eight facilities.

Inclusion criteria:

Age ≥60 years
Residing in selected old age homes for ≥3 months
Willing to provide informed consent

Exclusion criteria:

Severe cognitive impairment preventing reliable responses
Acute medical conditions requiring immediate hospitalization
Inability to communicate due to severe hearing or speech impairment

Sample Size and Power

Based on available resources and feasibility, all eligible residents present during the study period were included (n=168). Post-hoc power analysis indicated 80% power to detect differences in chronic condition prevalence of 15% or greater between age groups at α=0.05.

Data Collection

Data were collected using the Android-based Open Data Kit (ODK) platform. The Multimorbidity Assessment Questionnaire for Primary Care (MAQ-PC), a validated instrument for assessing chronic conditions in primary care settings, was used.⁸ The MAQ-PC covers 18 chronic conditions commonly encountered in Indian healthcare settings, including cardiovascular, metabolic, respiratory, musculoskeletal, mental health, and sensory disorders.

Trained research assistants conducted face-to-face interviews in the local language (Odia). Each interview lasted approximately 30-45 minutes. Sociodemographic information including age, gender, education, marital status, ethnicity, and health insurance status was also collected.

Operational Definitions

Chronic conditions were defined as self-reported physician-diagnosed conditions lasting ≥3 months or requiring ongoing medical management. Multimorbidity was defined as the presence of two or more chronic conditions. Given the institutional setting and potential limitations in medical record access, self-reported data were considered appropriate for this exploratory study.

Statistical Analysis

Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize participant characteristics and disease prevalence. Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and categorical variables as frequencies and percentages with 95% confidence intervals.

Bivariate analysis using chi-square tests examined associations between chronic conditions and sociodemographic variables. Given the exploratory nature of this study and concerns about statistical power with small subgroups, multivariable logistic regression was performed only for conditions with prevalence >20% and adequate cell sizes (n≥5 in each category).

For conditions meeting these criteria, adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Age was categorized as 60-69, 70-79, and ≥80 years. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Given the exploratory nature and multiple comparisons, results should be interpreted with caution.

Ethical Considerations

Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Human Ethics Committee. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. For participants with mild cognitive impairment, assent was obtained along with consent from the facility administrator. Confidentiality was maintained throughout the study, and participants were free to withdraw at any time.

The majority (43.45%) of the participants belonged to the 60-69 years age group, followed by 34.52% in the 70-79 years age group, and 22.02% in the 80 years and above age group. The participants were predominantly female, accounting for 61.9% of the sample. The largest group was from the Other Backward Classes (OBC) at 41.67%, followed by Scheduled Caste (39.88%), others (13.1%), and Scheduled Tribe (5.36%). The majority of participants (74.4%) had health insurance (Table 1).

*Table 1*
*Socio-demographic Characteristics*		(N=168) n (%)
Age (n=168)	60-69	73 (43.45%)
	70-79	58 (34.52%)
	≥80	37 (22.02%)
*Gender* *(n=168)*	Male	64 (38.1%)
*Gender* *(n=168)*	Female	104 (61.9%)
*Ethnicity(n=168)*	Scheduled Caste	67 (39.88%)
	Scheduled Tribe	9 (5.36%)
	OBC	70 (41.67%)
	Others	22 (13.1%)
*Marital Status* *(n=168)*	Married	43 (25.6%)
	Widow	88 (52.4%)
	Widower	37 (22%)
Health insurance (n=168)	Insurance present	125 (74.4%)
Health insurance (n=168)	No health insurance	43 (25.6%)
Completed education (in years) (n=168)	0	102 (60.7%)
	1-5	42 (25%)
	6-8	14 (8.3%)
	9-10	9 (5.4%)
	11-12	0
	>12	1 (0.6%)

Prevalence of Chronic Conditions

The overall burden of chronic conditions was substantial, with 89.3% of participants reporting at least one chronic condition and 67.3% having multimorbidity (two or more conditions). The mean number of chronic conditions per participant was 2.4 (SD±1.8).

Musculoskeletal Disorders: Arthritis/rheumatism was the most prevalent condition (48.21%, 95% CI: 40.7-55.8%), followed by chronic backache (29.17%, 95% CI: 22.5-36.5%). These conditions significantly impacted daily functioning and mobility.

Sensory Impairments: Hearing impairment affected 32.14% (95% CI: 25.2-39.7%) of participants, while visual impairment was present in 19.64% (95% CI: 13.9-26.4%). These sensory deficits contribute to social isolation and reduced quality of life.

Cardiovascular and Metabolic Conditions: Hypertension was reported by 23.81% (95% CI: 17.6-30.9%) of participants, while diabetes mellitus affected 7.14% (95% CI: 3.7-12.2%). The relatively lower prevalence of diabetes may reflect survival bias or underdiagnosis.

Gastrointestinal Conditions: Acid peptic disease was reported by 25.6% (95% CI: 19.2-32.9%) of participants, possibly related to dietary factors and medication use.

Mental Health Conditions: Depression, dementia, and other mental health conditions were reported by 6.55% (95% CI: 3.1-11.8%) of participants, though this likely represents an underestimate due to stigma and underdiagnosis.

Other Conditions: Chronic respiratory diseases (4.76%), stroke/paralysis (2.98%), and chronic kidney disease (0.6%) were less prevalent but represented significant health challenges for affected individuals (Table 2).

Age-Related Associations

Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed significant age-related patterns for major chronic conditions:

Arthritis: Individuals aged ≥80 years had significantly higher odds of arthritis compared to those aged 60-69 years (AOR: 2.98, 95% CI: 1.14-7.80, p=0.025). This finding aligns with the degenerative nature of joint diseases.

Chronic Backache: The strongest age association was observed for chronic backache, with those aged ≥80 years having 4.38 times higher odds compared to the youngest age group (AOR: 4.38, 95% CI: 1.58-12.13, p=0.004).

Hearing Impairment: While not statistically significant in multivariable analysis, hearing impairment showed a trend toward higher prevalence in older age groups, consistent with age-related hearing loss. (Table 3)

Sociodemographic Associations

Gender differences were observed for several conditions, with females showing higher prevalence of arthritis and chronic backache, possibly reflecting longer life expectancy and hormonal factors. Health insurance status showed mixed associations, with some conditions more prevalent among insured participants, possibly indicating better access to diagnosis and care.

Educational attainment showed inverse associations with some conditions, though confidence intervals were wide due to small subgroup sizes. Ethnicity-related differences were noted but require cautious interpretation due to potential confounding factors.

Multimorbidity Patterns

Common multimorbidity patterns included:

Arthritis + hearing impairment (18.5%)
Arthritis + chronic backache (16.1%)
Hypertension + arthritis (11.3%)
Hearing impairment + visual impairment (8.9%)

These patterns suggest shared risk factors and potential synergistic effects of multiple conditions on functional outcomes.

*Table 2*
*Chronic diseases*	n (%)
Arthritis/Rheumatism/Osteoporosis/Other joint disease	81 (48.21%)
Diabetes	12 (7.14%)
Hypertension	40 (23.81%)
Chronic Respiratory Disease (Asthma/emphysema/COPD/Bronchitis)	8 (4.76%)
Acid Peptic Disease	43 (25.6%)
Chronic Back Ache	49 (29.17%)
Stroke/Paralysis	5 (2.98%)
Visual Impairment	33 (19.64%)
Hearing impairment	54 (32.14%)
Depression/Dementia/Alzheimer’s/Unipolar/Bipolar disorders/Parkinson’s Disease	11 (6.55%)
Chronic Kidney Disease	1 (0.6%)
Epilepsy	1 (0.6 %)
Thyroid Disorder	4 (2.38%)
Filariasis	4 (2.38%)

*TABLE.3- Adjusted Odds Ratio*		Arthritis	Diabetes Mellitus	Hypertension	CRD	APD	Chronic Backache	Stroke/ paralysis	VI	HI	Dementia	CKD	Epilepsy	Thyroid	Filariasis
*Age*	60-69	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF
	70-79	1.99 (0.93-4.24)	0.39 (0.09-1.73)	0.66 (0.28-1.57)	0.79 (0.12-5.46)	0.75 (0.32-1.75)	0.88 (0.38-2.05)	0.50 (0.04-6.38)	1.20 (0.48-2.99)	2.15 (0.95-4.84)	2.18 (0.49-9.82)	18.20	1	0.57 (0.05-7.31)	5.02 (0.22-115.53)
	≥80	2.98 (1.14-7.80)	0.75 (0.12-4.64)	0.92 (0.31-2.74)	1.69 (0.24-12.10)	1.31 (0.45-3.83)	4.38 (1.58-12.13)	1.84 (0.18-18.74)	0.88 (0.29-2.71)	2.09 (0.77-5.68)	0.60 (0.04-8.43)	357.15	1	1.86 (0.12-29.58)	3.23 (0.08-129.38)
*Gender*	Female	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF
	Male	0.18 (0.04-0.83)	168378385	1.42 (0.30-6.78)	1.18	0.09 (0.01-0.57)	0.36 (0.08-1.71)	19731075.54	1.39 (0.24-8.03)	1.46 (0.29-7.30)	17267513.35	1	1248511.065	1	1
Health Insurance	Absent	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF
	Present	0.60 (0.28-1.32)	5.82 (0.62-54.40)	1.95 (0.72-5.28)	0.433(0.08-2.30)	1.04 (0.44-2.47)	0.59 (0.26-1.34)	44001817.79	2.03 (0.72-5.70)	1.78 (0.72-4.39)	0.75 (0.16-3.41)	1	13991819.72	1.42 (0.09-21.71)	0.11 (0.00-2.60)
*Ethnicity*	Others	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF
	SC	2.28 (0.71-7.34)	0.91 (0.06-13.09)	0.48 (0.13-1.78)	74078103.15	0.44 (0.13-1.51)	3.56 (0.88-14.40)	9166867.011	0.41 (0.11-1.55)	1.80 (0.46-7.14)	0.26 (0.03-2.13)	1.471E+13	47338.90	0.27 (0.01-5.13)	1
	ST	0.70 (0.12-4.19)	1	0.44 (0.06-3.37)	0.73	0.39 (0.05-2.80)	2.02 (0.24-16.82)	0.286	1	7.81 (1.11-55.15)	1	8.685E+24	0.00	1	14.02 (0.13-1549.04)
	OBC	1.11 (0.36-3.45)	1.16 (0.08-16.55)	0.44 (0.12-1.64	76186731.65	0.62 (0.18-2.11)	3.30 (0.82-13.24)	33168079.67	0.37 (0.10-1.38)	2.75 (0.72-10.48)	0.65 (0.09-4.66)	1.036E+12	0.01	0.28 (0.01-7.98)	1.52 (0.06-37.33)
Partner Status	Married	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF
	Widow	0.54 (0.16-1.76)	180116554.7	0.98 (0.29-3.36)	46878212.59	0.61 (0.19-1.96)	0.61 (0.18-1.99)	24873238.31	0.89 (0.21-3.76)	0.59 (0.16-2.10)	330413464.0	1.161	17572722.82	0.46 (0.04-5.38)	8836158.342
	Widower	1.80 (0.56-5.76)	1	0.16 (0.04-0.74)	157360998.9	2.71 (0.53-13.90)	0.75 (0.21-2.62)	1.678 (0.122-23.020)	1.43 (0.39-5.19)	0.77 (0.23-2.55)	6.10 (0.06-645.21)	4.609E+10	1	0.25	71737837.58
*Completed education* *(In years)*	0	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF
	1-5	1.17 (0.51-2.72)	1.04 (0.18-6.10)	1.34 (0.50-3.61)	1.37 (0.25-7.42)	1.27 (0.49-3.26)	1.60 (0.66-3.89)	2.12 (0.24-18.74)	1.02 (0.37-2.84)	0.29 (0.11-0.80)	0.41 (0.04-4.00)	1.99	1	1	1
	6-8	1.81 (0.48-6.80)	2.95 (0.34-25.73)	0.45 (0.07-2.78)	1	1.21 (0.27-5.53)	1.09 (0.24-4.88)	1	0.47 (0.08-2.74)	0.64 (0.15-2.65)	1	2.889E+14	0.10	1	10.77 (0.36-321.52)
	=>9	1.86 (0.32-10.86)	1	1.44 (0.23-9.03)	1	2.96 (0.43-20.49)	2.77 (0.43-17.74)	1	0.54 (0.07-4.24)	0.65 (0.10-4.03)	15.10 (0.27-840.96)	0.36	0.07	1	1

*REF- Reference; CRD- Chronic Respiratory Disease; APD- Acid Peptic Disease; VI- Visual Impairment; HI- Hearing Impairment; CKD- Chronic Kidney Disease

This observational study demonstrates a significant burden of chronic diseases within the investigated population. The high prevalence of arthritis, hypertension, acid peptic illness, chronic back pain, hearing impairment, and visual impairment underscores the necessity for focused healthcare interventions especially for chronic conditions. The study findings illuminate the distribution of chronic conditions and their associations with various demographic characteristics, potentially informing public health strategies and geriatric policy.

Our observed prevalence of osteoarthritis (48.21%) is lower than the 70.4% reported by Barua et al. (Assam) but aligns with the 44.72% prevalence documented by Banerjee et al. (Pune). This disparity highlights the potential influence of geographic location on osteoarthritis prevalence. The prevalence of hypertension (23.81%) in our study was lower compared to studies by Agrawal et al. (41.1%), Sharma et al. (40.5%) in Himachal Pradesh, and Kumar et al. (38.1%) in Uttar Pradesh. Similarly, our observed prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (7.14%) was lower than that reported by Kumar et al. (36.52%) in Kerala.

Our study identified a prevalence of Acid Peptic Disease mirroring the findings of Gupta et al. (Shimlapuri) who observed a high prevalence of 38.6%. However, it differed from Joshi et al. (Chandigarh) who reported a lower prevalence of 14.5%. Notably, our study identified a higher prevalence of hearing impairment (32.14%) compared to Singh Bali et al. (25.4%) in Haryana. Conversely, the prevalence of Visual Impairment in our study (19.64%) was lower than that reported by Das et al. (51.27%) These findings suggest a need for further research into the reasons behind such variations. Age-related hearing loss is a well-established phenomenon, but other factors like exposure to loud noises may also play a role. Similarly, Visual Impairment prevalence can be influenced by access to healthcare and preventative measures like cataract surgery. The prevalence of respiratory diseases in our study population (4.76%) was lower compared to the findings from Sinha et al. (18.33%) in Odisha. Our study identified a relatively low prevalence of mental health conditions (6.55%) in our study population. However, this prevalence increased significantly within the ageing population, as reported by Jana et al. (31.23%). These findings suggest a potential underestimation of mental health issues within the general population, particularly in the context of social stigma.

These observations in chronic disease prevalence across different regions can potentially be attributed to several factors. These factors may include cultural influences, dietary patterns, behavioral habits, racial backgrounds, variations in study settings, diversities in sampling techniques employed, and underlying genetic predispositions. This study further emphasizes the established association between advancing age and an increased risk of developing various chronic conditions within the investigated population. The high prevalence of chronic conditions underscores the critical need for a robust system of continuity of care to ensure optimal health outcomes for this vulnerable population. Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) can play a transformative role in facilitating continuity of care. Implementing standardized EMR systems across old-age homes and linking them with nearby Ayushman Arogya Mandir (formerly known as Health & Wellness Centres), would enable healthcare providers to access a resident's complete medical history. This information exchange would be particularly crucial for geriatric care, where residents often manage multiple chronic conditions. Effective chronic condition follow-up plans could be established, ensuring timely medication refills, monitoring of vital signs, and early detection of potential complications.

Furthermore, fostering collaboration between old-age homes and community health workers (CHWs) could significantly improve chronic disease management. CHWs, residing within the community, can provide crucial support with medication adherence, conduct regular health screenings, and offer education on managing chronic conditions. This collaborative approach would not only improve healthcare access for residents but also potentially reduce the burden on already strained healthcare facilities.

This study, which focuses on the burden of chronic disease and the impact of socio-demographic variables, sheds light on the senior population's overall health status. These findings underline the need for a comprehensive population-based strategy to promote healthy aging and increase quality of life. However, our study is constrained by self-report data, which may result in recollection bias and so weaken genuine prevalence. Furthermore, the cross-sectional nature of this study made it difficult to prove causality.

This study provides important insights into the chronic disease burden among older adults in institutional care in Odisha, India. The high prevalence of arthritis, hearing impairment, and chronic backache, along with substantial multimorbidity, highlights the complex healthcare needs of this population. These findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive geriatric care protocols, specialized healthcare services, and policy interventions to address the unique challenges faced by older adults in institutional settings.

As India's population continues to age and institutional care becomes more prevalent, understanding and addressing the health needs of old age home residents becomes increasingly important. This study contributes to the evidence base for developing targeted interventions and policies to improve the health outcomes and quality of life for this vulnerable population.

The findings emphasize that chronic disease management in institutional settings requires a multidisciplinary approach involving healthcare professionals, facility staff, policymakers, and families. By addressing these challenges proactively, we can work toward ensuring that older adults in institutional care receive the comprehensive, compassionate care they deserve.

Author Contribution

S.G. and A.S. conceived the study concept and design. S.G. coordinated fieldwork and data collection. K.C.S. and S.K. provided methodological input and assisted with statistical analysis. S.G. and A.S. interpreted the findings. S.G. drafted the initial manuscript. S.Pa. provided critical revisions for intellectual content and ensured policy relevance. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: None

FUNDING: None

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No competing interests reported.

Profile of Chronic Conditions among Older Adults in Old-age Homes: A Cross-sectional Study from Odisha, India

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

METHODS

RESULTS

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

Declarations

Author Contribution

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1