Hatchery performance of Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei in biofloc technology by using different carbon sources

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4081761/v1

Download PDF

Research Article

Hatchery performance of Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei in biofloc technology by using different carbon sources

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4081761/v1

This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License

You are reading this latest preprint version

The present study assessed the hatchery performance of Penaeus vannamei between the mysis 1 and postlarva 10 stages, in a zero-exchange biofloc system under three treatments with different carbon sources, fructose, lactose, and dextrose, in a 15:1 fixed C:N ratio with a stocking density of 100 L^-1 along with control treatment. The study used a stocking density of 100 L^-1. Water quality and survival performance were compared among treatments. The results revealed that adequate water quality parameters were more appropriate for production in the BFT treatment than in the control, and analysis of variance revealed that there were no significant differences in dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, pH, TAN, and NH3-N among the treatment groups (P > 0.05). Survival was significantly greater in the BFT treatment group than in the control group. Dextrose exhibited the highest survival rate for PL₁ at 93%, followed by fructose at 88.67% and lactose at 86.33%, while the control group had the lowest survival rate at 79.33% (P > 0.05). For PL₅ and PL₁₀, the survival rates were 90.67%, 85.67%, 78.33%, and 66.67% (P < 0.05) for dextrose, fructose, lactose, and the control, respectively. The study concluded that dextrose is the most effective carbon source for maintaining the hatchery system.

Biofloc

carbon

water quality

survival

Fisheries and aquaculture are efficient protein production sectors that offer ample opportunities to alleviate poverty, hunger, and malnutrition (FAO, 2022). Aquaculture has experienced phenomenal growth, with a global production of 178 million tonnes, and in India, the quantity increased from 0.79 MT in 1987 to 16.25 MT in 2022-23 (DoF, 2024). Globally, India occupies the third position after China and Indonesia, with a share of 7.70% of the world’s aquaculture production (FAO, 2022), and has achieved an impressive double-digit average annual growth rate of more than 10%, surpassing that of any other food production sector in the country over the past decade. It contributes approximately 1.24% to the country's gross value added (GVA) and more than 7.28% to the agricultural GVA (Indian Economic Survey, 2021-22). This sector has also witnessed significant export growth, with a total production of 12.22 MT valued at USD 1.42 billion in 2023 (PIB, 2023).

The vast resources in terms of water bodies and species of fish and shellfish in different agroecological regions of the country provide a wide array of culture systems and practices (Chatla et al., 2020). However, despite these resources, the rapid growth of the aquaculture industry is hampered because of several limitations, including the poor quality of seeds during the initial stages, raising concerns about the survival and growth of culturing species, which leads to limited productivity (Boyd et al., 2020).

In the production line, the larval and postlarval stages are crucial components of the hatchery system for producing high-quality seeds. Generally, conventional shrimp hatchery systems are knotted with large amounts of water exchange to maintain adequate water quality parameters (New et al., 2010). Minimizing water volume utilization in shrimp aquaculture systems may substantially reduce the expenses associated with water (i.e., pumping, collection, filtration, disinfection) and environmental impacts and enhance biosecurity for hatcheries (Menasveta, 2002). Hence, the challenge in shrimp hatcheries is to determine a favorable water quality parameter with minimal/zero water exchange (Ray et al., 2010). Furthermore, high stocking densities demand a greater food supply for reared species during the initial stages, raising concerns about survival and growth, which leads to limited productivity (Mugwanya et al., 2021). Hence, these concerns in the shrimp, larval, and postlarval stages need to be addressed in terms of technological advancements (Emerenciano et al., 2022).

Biofloc technology (BFT) is an emerging technique that has gained momentum in recent years, with encouraging performance in aqua farming. Microbial manipulation allows cultured shrimp to grow more successfully (Suneetha and Padmavathi, 2019; Chatla et al., 2020; Pinto et al., 2020; El‐Sayed, 2021; Khanjani & Sharifinia, 2022; Khanjani et al., 2023; Yu et al., 2024). Microbial communities consist of microorganisms such as phytoplankton, bacteria, and organic matter, which serve as an extra food source for cultivable species. The fundamental premise of this technique is to recycle nutrients and nitrogenous wastes by manipulating the carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratio in water to enhance the growth of heterotrophic bacteria (Sun et al., 2024). These dense and active bacteria tend to produce biofloc, which shrimp can continually consume as a naturally occurring food supply. (Burford et al., 2004; Wasielesky et al., 2006).

Maintaining a balanced C:N ratio is essential for efficient waste bioconversion and a healthy BFT environment (Suneetha et al., 2018). The selection of an appropriate carbon source can significantly impact floc formation, nutrient assimilation, and overall health and performance of the aquaculture species (Abakari et al., 2021). Carbon sources can be categorized as simple (easily degradable) or complex (slowly degradable). Simple sources like molasses, sugars, and starches are rapidly broken down by bacteria, while complex sources like brans (rice, wheat) and cellulose decompose at a slower rate. The choice of carbon source depends on various factors including cost, digestibility, and local availability. Commonly used options include molasses, glycerol, tapioca, and various brans (Martínez‐Córdova et al., 2015). Research is ongoing to identify new and sustainable sources to optimize BFT systems (McCusker et al., 2023).

BFT aid in improving water quality under minimal/zero water exchange systems to maximize biosecurity (Chatla et al., 2020). In recent years, this technology has been adopted successfully in various aquatic species at different stages of production, including the broodstock (Ekasari et al., 2015; Magaña‐Gallegos et al., 2018, 2021; Zafar, & Rana, 2022), hatchery (de Lorenzo et al., 2016a, 2016b), nursery (Correia et al., 2014; Khanjani et al., 2017; Tierney & Ray, 2018; Wasielesky et al., 2020; Tinh et al., 2021), and grow-out phases (Serra et al., 2015; Xu et al., 2016; Cavalcanti et al., 2019; Khanjani et al., 2020; Huang et al., 2022; Marimuthu et al., 2023). However, there is limited information on the effectiveness of BFTs in the larval and postlarval stages of P. vannamei. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the efficacy of BFTs in these stages by utilizing three different carbon sources.

Experimental design

The present research was conducted with facilities acquired from the BKMN shrimp hatchery, which is situated in Undavalli (16°50'64" N and 80°57'13" E), Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, India. The experimental setup included four treatments, consisting of three BFT treatments and a control treatment. The trials were conducted in eight 1000 L capacity HDPE circular tanks with a working volume of 800 L each. All the tanks were in the same capacity, and each group was randomly assigned to replicate. Prior to usage, the tanks were meticulously cleaned and treated with bleaching powder at 5 ppm. Subsequently, they were allowed to undergo dechlorination for 3 days. An aeration setup was installed at the bottom side of all the tanks to maintain proper dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in the water for shrimp and to sustain the suspension of solids produced during cultivation.

The SPF Penaeus vannamei shrimp nauplii were procured from the same hatchery after ensuring their disease-free status through specific PCR hatchery tests (Balasubramanian et al., 2018; Lal et al., 2002). The present experiment employed treated water with a salinity of 32 ppt. The larvae were reared at a carbon ratio of 15:1 (Avnimelech, 1999) for three treatments using different carbon sources: BFT-I (fructose – C₆H₁₂O₆), BFT-II (lactose – C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁), and BFT-III (dextrose – C₆H₁₂O₆) and one control (without any addition of carbon source). Each experimental unit was stocked with 80,000 larvae in the mysis-1 stage (M₁), resulting in a stocking density of 100 larvae L^-1. The experiment continued for 13 days until the larvae reached postlarval stage 10 (PL₁₀). Throughout the experiment, water in the biofloc experimental units was not exchanged.

Preparation of biofloc before stocking

For floc preparation, the treatment was started as per the protocol established by Avnimelech (1999). In brief, the process began on the first day with adding 1.5 g of ammonium chloride to introduce nitrogen into the system. Subsequently, carbon sources were added on the 3rd and 5th days at a rate of 5.62 g, followed by a doubling of the carbon sources to 11.25 g on the 7th day. The change in the color of the water from clear and transparent to light brown indicated the formation of flocs, which was attributed to the addition of carbon and nitrogen sources from the external environment. On day 9, nauplii of P. vannamei (Mysis 1 stage) were introduced into all the prepared tanks at a density of 100 nos L^-1.

Feed management

The larval and postlarval shrimp were fed INVE commercial microencapsulated diets (minimum protein content of 52%, minimum lipid content of 14.5%, maximum fiber content of 3%, and maximum moisture content of 10%) following the manufacturer’s recommendations for each larval stage (de Lorenzo et al., 2016a, 2016b). The feeding schedule involved six daily feedings at specific times (0600, 0800, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, and 1800 hrs), and the amount of feed, artemia, and carbon-nitrogen ratio were adjusted for each larval stage (Table 1). The feed quantity was calculated based on floc volume, while the feeding times remained the same throughout the study (Avnimelech, 1999).

Assessment of water quality parameters

The water quality of the experimental systems was checked daily. Water parameters such as temperature (mercury thermometer), pH (laboratory model Elico pH meter), salinity (hand refractometer), dissolved oxygen, total ammonia nitrogen, TAN (phenol hypochlorite method), NH₃-N, NO₂-N, NO₃-N, and total alkalinity were analyzed following the American Public Health Association guidelines (APHA, 2005).

Estimation of biofloc volume

Biofloc volume was quantified by employing an Imhoff cone daily to understand the dynamics of biofloc generation and to adopt control measures in the case of excess biofloc generation, if any. These cones have marked graduations on their outer surface, which can be used to measure the volume of solids that settle from one liter of water in the rearing tank.

Estimation of survival performance

Survival performance (%) was assessed at various larval and postlarval stages and was calculated as follows (Panigrahi et al., 2019):

SR (%) = N_t/N_o X 100

where SR = survival (%), N_t= the number of shrimps that survived until the end of the experiment, and N_o= the number of shrimps that were available at the beginning of the experiment.

Statistical analysis

All the values are presented as the mean ± standard error (SE) of three replicate analyses. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT) was carried out by IBM SPSS software (version 22) at the 0.05 level (P < 0.05) of significance.

Table 1. Feeding regimes for P. vannamei between the M₁ and PL₁₀ phases

Treatment	Daily Input	Mysis			Post larvae
Treatment	Daily Input	M₁	M₂	M₃	PL₁	PL₂	PL₃	PL₄	PL₅	PL₆	PL₇	PL₈	PL₉	PL₁₀
BFT-I	Diet (g tank⁻¹)	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.96	1.12	1.28	1.44	1.6	1.2	1.6	2	2.2
	Artemia (g tank⁻¹)	0.696	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046
	N (g tank⁻¹)	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.05	0.067	0.075	0.086	0.097	0.072	0.097	0.12	0.14
	Fructose (g tank⁻¹)	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.75	1.005	1.125	1.29	1.455	1.08	1.455	1.8	2.1
	C: N	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01
BFT-II	Diet (g tank⁻¹)	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.96	1.12	1.28	1.44	1.6	1.2	1.6	2	2.2
	Artemia (g tank⁻¹)	0.696	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046
	N (g tank⁻¹)	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.05	0.067	0.075	0.086	0.097	0.072	0.097	0.12	0.14
	Lactose (g tank⁻¹)	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.75	1.005	1.125	1.29	1.455	1.08	1.455	1.8	2.1
	C: N	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01
BFT-III	Diet (g tank⁻¹)	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.96	1.12	1.28	1.44	1.6	1.2	1.6	2	2.2
	Artemia (g tank⁻¹)	0.696	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046
	N (g tank⁻¹)	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.05	0.067	0.075	0.086	0.097	0.072	0.097	0.12	0.14
	Dextrose (g tank⁻¹)	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.75	1.005	1.125	1.29	1.455	1.08	1.455	1.8	2.1
	C: N	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01	15:01
Control	Diet (g tank⁻¹)	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.96	1.12	1.28	1.44	1.6	1.2	1.6	2	2.2
Control	Artemia (g tank⁻¹)	0.696	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046	1.046

Water quality parameters

Table 2 summarizes the water quality parameters observed in the study. The water quality parameters in the BFT treatments were similar, and analysis of variance revealed that there were significant differences between treatment groups for dissolved oxygen (DO), NO₂^-N, NO₃^-N, and alkalinity (P < 0.05). All the observed parameters remained similar to those found in conventional hatchery systems with high levels of water exchange. The BFT hatchery systems showed similar results with the addition of carbon sources to P. vannamei, as reported by de Lorenzo et al. (2016a).

In shrimp hatchery systems, it is crucial to manage water quality parameters carefully to ensure the optimal survival and viability of the shrimp. Any variations in these parameters beyond a certain range can have a severe impact on production and result in significant economic losses (Mohanty et al., 2018). Temperature is one of the most important factors influencing physiological responses in organisms, such as respiration, metabolism, growth, and reproduction (Zweig et al., 1999). Cultured shrimp grow best at temperatures ranging from 24 to 32°C (González et al., 2010). During the study, the average temperature ranged from 27°C to 29°C, which was the optimal temperature for all the treatments. Well-maintained aeration for a sufficient supply of DO is necessary for shrimp and for the formation of biofloc (Verdegem et al., 2023). The lethal DO concentration for P. vannamei has been reported to be 1.0 ppm (Hopkins et al., 1991). The DO levels ranged from 5.30 to 6.24 mg L^-1 in all the tanks. The lower pH values were possibly a result of high respiration rates by a large number of microorganisms, which may have increased carbon dioxide concentrations. The permissible pH limit for P. vannamei is 7.5 to 8.5 (Wang et al., 2004). The pH was significantly lower in the BFT, ranging from 7.54 to 7.83, than in the control (8.05). Similarly, the TAN levels were significantly lower (0.69 to 0.78 mg L^-1) than those in the control (1.07 mg L^-1). These lower levels may be caused by the inclusion of carbon sources. However, the mean values of pH and TAN in the BFT treatments remained at optimum levels throughout the experiment (Panigrahi et al., 2019).

Ammonia (NH₃^-N) and nitrite (NO₂^-N) are highly toxic to cultured shrimp. High nitrite concentrations have been shown to significantly impact the circulatory and immune systems of aquatic organisms (Schuler, 2008). The concentration of NH₃^-N ranged from 0.12 to 0.36 mg L^-1. The NH₃^-N was significantly lower in the BFT (0.12 mg L^-1) than in the control (0.36 mg L^-1). The levels of NO₂^-N ranged from 0.06 to 1.53 mg L^-1. The lowest concentrations were observed in the BFT (0.06 mg L^-1), while the highest were found in the control treatment (1.53 mg L^-1), which is unfavorable for optimal culture conditions (Kavitha et al., 2017). For a successful P. vannamei culture, the optimal NO₂^-N concentration is <1.0 mg L^-1 (Kirchman, 1994). Nitrate (NO₃^-N) is an inorganic nitrogen compound formed at the end of the nitrification process. The concentration of nitrate is usually greater than that of ammonia and nitrite (Robles‐Porchas et al., 2020). High levels of nitrate have been shown to affect the osmoregulation and oxygen transport of cultured aquatic species (Valencia-Castañeda et al., 2020). In the BFT treatments, the observed nitrate values ranged from 1.94 to 2.05 mg L^-1, lower than those in the control groups, which had a value of 2.77 mg L^-1. These results for nitrate are similar to those reported by Furtado et al. (2015). The relatively stable concentrations of NH₃^-N, NO₂^-N, and NO₃-N in the BFT treatments may be attributed to effective nitrification processes. Alkalinity, which is the buffering capacity of water, can significantly impact primary productivity (Boyd et al., 2016). In the present investigation, the alkalinity of the BFT ranged from 127.08–128.17 mg L^-1, which was significantly greater than that of the control (91.38 mg L^-1).

Table 2. Water quality parameters of P. vannamei between the M₁ and PL₁₀ phases

Parameter	Biofloc treatments			Control	P value
Parameter	Fructose	Lactose	Dextrose	Control	P value
Temperature (°C)	28.34 ± 0.46^a	29.16 ± 0.33^ab	28.80 ± 0.33^ab	29.63 ± 0.13^b	0.114
DO (mg L^-1)	5.81 ± 0.09^ab	5.96 ± 0.09^c	6.24 ± 0.32^c	5.30 ± 0.10^a	0.032
Salinity (g L^-1)	32.05 ± 0.03^a	32.27 ± 0.18^a	32.11 ± 0.06^a	32.29 ± 0.10^a	0.375
pH	7.54 ± 0.20^a	7.83 ± 0.14^a	7.70 ± 0.15^a	8.05 ± 0.29^a	0.401
TAN (mg L^-1)	0.78 ± 0.04^a	0.69 ± 0.02^a	0.72 ± 0.02^a	1.07 ± 0.34^a	0.434
NH₃^-N (mg L^-1)	0.18 ± 0.13^a	0.12 ± 0.02^a	0.23 ± 0.17^a	0.36 ± 0.03^a	0.511
NO₂^-N (mg L^-1)	0.13 ± 0.06^a	0.16 ± 0.10^a	0.06 ± 0.04^b	1.53 ± 0.17^a	<0.001
NO₃^-N (mg L^-1)	1.94 ± 0.11^b	2.05 ± 0.04^b	2.00 ± 0.07^b	2.77 ± 0.14^a	<0.001
Alkalinity (mg L^-1)	127.92 ± 1.00^b	128.17 ± 0.27^b	127.08 ± 0.58^b	91.38 ± 0.57^a	<0.001

All the values are the means ± SEs (standard errors) of three replicate analyses.

Data with different superscript letters in the same row are significantly different (P < 0.05).

Biofloc volume

The volume of biofloc increased gradually in all treatments over time (Figure 1); however, the greatest floc volume was observed for dextrose (1.62 ml L^-1), followed by fructose (1.12 ml L^-1) and lactose (0.84 ml L^-1). Similar levels of floc volume were reported by Panigrahi et al. (2019). However, the lowest floc volume could be because lactose, being a disaccharide, is harder to break down than monosaccharides such as dextrose and fructose, resulting in less floc. Compared to fructose, dextrose is derived from simple starch, which makes it easier to break down and thus forms flocs more easily.

The percentages of the survival rates for different treatments are presented in Table 3. The highest survival rate for PL₁ was observed for dextrose (93%), followed by fructose (88.67%) and lactose (86.33%), while the lowest survival rate was in the control group (79.33%) (P > 0.05). For PL₅ and PL₁₀, the trends were similar; the survival rates were 90.67%, 85.67%, 78.33%, and 66.67% for the dextrose, fructose, lactose, and control treatments, respectively. One-way ANOVA revealed that the mean percentages of PL₅ and PL₁₀were not significantly different (P < 0.05) among the treatments.

In biofloc technology, maintaining a suitable carbon-nitrogen ratio is crucial. The choice of carbohydrate source is one of the main factors since different carbon sources have different effects on cultured species (Crab et al., 2010; Wei et al., 2016; Tinh et al., 2021). In this study, M₁ to PL₁₀ were reared under three treatments with different carbon sources—fructose, lactose, and dextrose—at a ratio of 15:1, and the control treatment without the addition of a carbohydrate source. The average survival rate was significantly greater in the BFT treatment group (71% to 86%) than in the control group (53%). Similar studies have shown that the survival of shrimp in BFTs ranges from 80% to 100% of that of control shrimp (Panjaitan, 2011; Anand et al., 2013; Xu et al., 2016). The current results showed higher survival levels than those of de Lorenzo et al. (2016) under the carbon source dextrose, which may be due to the lower stocking density of larvae adapted to the present study. The overall survival in all biofloc-treated groups surpassed the rate appropriate for the species (70%, FAO, 2003) and that appropriate for the experimental hatcheries (Aranguren et al., 2006; Louis et al., 2006; de Lorenzo et al., 2016a, 2016b). Based on these results, among all the carbon sources used, fertilization with dextrose can be efficiently maintained in the hatchery system.

Table 3. Survival performance of P. vannamei between the M₁ and PL₁₀ stages

P. vannamei larval stage	Treatments (%)				P value
P. vannamei larval stage	Fructose	Lactose	Dextrose	Control
M₁Stocked	100 nos L^-1	100 nos L^-1	100 nos L^-1	100 nos L^-1
PL₁	88.67 ± 2.33^ab	86.33 ± 5.81^ab	93.00 ± 3.61^b	79.33 ± 2.33^a	0.158
PL₅	85.67 ± 2.96^b	78.33 ± 4.33^ab	90.67 ± 4.37^b	66.67 ± 4.41^a	0.015
PL₁₀	80.33 ± 4.70^bc	71.33 ± 2.40^b	86.33 ± 3.84^c	53.71 ± 3.39^a	0.001

All the values are the means ± SEs (standard errors) of three replicate analyses.

Data with different superscript letters in the same row are significantly different (P < 0.05).

BFT systems have been driven toward increased sustainability in shrimp aquaculture. The types of carbon sources and addition strategies are critical considerations in BFT systems. The current study contributes to a better understanding of the effects of different carbon sources on the P. vannamei hatchery system. Based on the present findings, it can be concluded that using dextrose, fructose, and lactose as carbon sources at a ratio of 15:1 without water exchange resulted in adequate water quality. Additionally, P. vannamei showed a greater survival rate during the M₁ and PL₁₀ hatchery phases when dextrose was used than during the other treatments.

Data availability

This article contains all of the data that were analyzed for this study and can be obtained from the corresponding author if needed.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable

Consent for publication

Not applicable

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Funding

The work was not supported by any funding from public or commercial agencies and did not have any grants.

Authors' contributions

S.K.; Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, writing - original draft. P.P.; supervision, writing - review & editing. D. C.; Data – curation & preparation. S.K., P.P., and D.C. have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the management of the BKMN shrimp hatchery, Undavalli, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India, for providing the facilities to execute this work.

Abakari, G., Luo, G., Kombat, E. O., & Alhassan, E. H. (2021). Supplemental carbon sources applied in biofloc technology aquaculture systems: Types, effects and future research. Reviews in Aquaculture, 13(3), 1193-1222.
Anand, P. S., Kumar, S., Panigrahi, A., Ghoshal, T. K., Syama Dayal, J., Biswas, G., ... & Ravichandran, P. (2013). Effects of C: N ratio and substrate integration on periphyton biomass, microbial dynamics and growth of Penaeus monodon juveniles. Aquaculture International, 21, 511-524. DOI: 10.1007/s10499-012-9585-6.
APHA, 2005. Standard Methods of Water and Wastewater. 21st Edn., American Public Health Association, Washington, DC., ISBN: 0875530478, pp: 2-61.
Aranguren, L. F., Briñez, B., Aragón, L., Platz, C., Caraballo, X., Suarez, A., & Salazar, M. (2006). Necrotizing hepatopancreatitis (NHP) infected Penaeus vannamei female broodstock: Effect on reproductive parameters, nauplii and larvae quality. Aquaculture, 258(1-4), 337-343.
Avnimelech, Y. (1999). Carbon/nitrogen ratio as a control element in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture, 176(3-4), 227-235.
Balasubramanian, C. P., Anand, S., Kannappan, S., & Biju, I. F. (2018). Training manual on recent advances in farming of pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Train. Man. Ser, 14, 126.
Boyd, C. E., D'Abramo, L. R., Glencross, B. D., Huyben, D. C., Juarez, L. M., Lockwood, G. S., ... & Valenti, W. C. (2020). Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 51(3), 578-633. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12714.
Boyd, C. E., Tucker, C. S., & Somridhivej, B. (2016). Alkalinity and hardness: critical but elusive concepts in aquaculture. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 47(1), 6-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12241.
Burford, M. A., Thompson, P. J., McIntosh, R. P., Bauman, R. H., & Pearson, D. C. (2004). The contribution of flocculated material to shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) nutrition in a high-intensity, zero-exchange system. Aquaculture, 232(1-4), 525-537. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00541-6.
Cavalcanti N. R., Costa, C. B., Rodrigues, F., Soares, R., Bezerra, R. D. S., & Peixoto, S. (2019). Effect of feeding frequency on growth and digestive enzyme activity in Litopenaeus vannamei during the grow‐out phase in biofloc system. Aquaculture Nutrition, 25(3), 577-584. DOI: 10.1111/anu.12880.
Chatla, D., Padmavathi, P., & Srinu, G. (2020). Wastewater treatment techniques for sustainable aquaculture. Waste management as economic industry toward circular economy, 159-166. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1620-7_17.
Correia, E. S., Wilkenfeld, J. S., Morris, T. C., Wei, L., Prangnell, D. I., & Samocha, T. M. (2014). Intensive nursery production of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei using two commercial feeds with high and low protein content in a biofloc-dominated system. Aquacultural Engineering, 59, 48-54. 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2014.02.002.
Crab, R. (2010). Bioflocs technology: an integrated system for the removal of nutrients and simultaneous production of feed in aquaculture (Doctoral dissertation, Ghent University).
de Lorenzo, M. A., Candia, E. W. S., Schleder, D. D., Rezende, P. C., Seiffert, W. Q., & do Nascimento Vieira, F. (2016a). Intensive hatchery performance of Pacific white shrimp in the biofloc system under three different fertilization levels. Aquacultural Engineering, 72, 40-44. 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2016.04.001.
de Lorenzo, M. A., Poli, M. A., Candia, E. W. S., Schleder, D. D., Rodrigues, M. S., Guimarães, A. M., ... & do Nascimento Vieira, F. (2016b). Hatchery performance of the pacific white shrimp in biofloc system using different stocking densities. Aquacultural Engineering, 75, 46-50. 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2016.10.005.
DoF, 2022. Department of Fisheries 2022. Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, New Delhi, 150pp. https://dof.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-04/Final_Annual_Report_2022-23_English.pdf.
Ekasari, J., Zairin, M., Putri, D. U., Sari, N. P., Surawidjaja, E. H., & Bossier, P. (2015). Biofloc-based reproductive performance of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. broodstock. Aquaculture Research, 46(2), 509-512. doi:10.1111/are.12185.
El‐Sayed, A. F. M. (2021). Use of biofloc technology in shrimp aquaculture: a comprehensive review, with emphasis on the last decade. Reviews in Aquaculture, 13(1), 676-705. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12494.
Emerenciano, M. G., Rombenso, A. N., Vieira, F. D. N., Martins, M. A., Coman, G. J., Truong, H. H., ... & Simon, C. J. (2022). Intensification of penaeid shrimp culture: an applied review of advances in production systems, nutrition, and breeding. Animals, 12(3), 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12030236.
FAO. (2003). Health management and biosecurity maintenance in white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) hatcheries in Latin America. FAO, Rome, Italy, pp. 62.
FAO. (2022). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022. Toward Blue Transformation. FAO, Rome, Italy, pp. 266. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0461en.
Furtado, P. S., Campos, B. R., Serra, F. P., Klosterhoff, M., Romano, L. A., & Wasielesky, W. (2015). Effects of nitrate toxicity in the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, reared with biofloc technology (BFT). Aquaculture international, 23, 315-327.
González, R. A., Díaz, F., Licea, A., Re, A. D., Sánchez, L. N., & García-Esquivel, Z. (2010). Thermal preference, tolerance and oxygen consumption of adult white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) exposed to different acclimation temperatures. Journal of Thermal Biology, 35(5), 218-224. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2010.05.004.
Hopkins, J. S., Stokes, A. D., Browdy, C. L., & Sandifer, P. A. (1991). The relationship between feeding rate, paddlewheel aeration rate and expected dawn dissolved oxygen in intensive shrimp ponds. Aquacultural Engineering, 10(4), 281-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-8609(91)90017-E.
Huang, H. H., Liao, H. M., Lei, Y. J., & Yang, P. H. (2022). Effects of different carbon sources on growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei and water quality in the biofloc system in low salinity. Aquaculture, 546, 737239. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8100512.
Kavitha, K., Suneetha, K., Darwin, C. H., Selvakumar, P., Muddula Krishna, N., & Govinda Rao, V. (2017). Evaluation of water quality in biofloc and non biofloc systems of pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931). Evaluation, 2(6).
Khanjani, M. H., & Sharifinia, M. (2020). Biofloc technology as a promising tool to improve aquaculture production. Reviews in aquaculture, 12(3), 1836-1850. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12412.
Khanjani, M. H., & Sharifinia, M. (2022). Biofloc technology with addition molasses as carbon sources applied to Litopenaeus vannamei juvenile production under the effects of different C/N ratios. Aquaculture International, 30(1), 383-397. 10.1007/s10499-021-00803-5.
Khanjani, M. H., Mozanzadeh, M. T., Sharifinia, M., & Emerenciano, M. G. C. (2023). Broodstock and seed production in biofloc technology (BFT): an updated review focused on fish and penaeid shrimp. Aquaculture, 740278. 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.740278.
Khanjani, M. H., Sajjadi, M. M., Alizadeh, M., & Sourinejad, I. (2017). Nursery performance of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931) cultivated in a biofloc system: the effect of adding different carbon sources. Aquaculture Research, 48(4), 1491-1501. DOI: 10.1111/are.12985.
Kirchman, D. L. (1994). The uptake of inorganic nutrients by heterotrophic bacteria. Microbial Ecology, 28, 255-271.
Lal, K. K., Jithendran, K. P., Sairam, C. V., Muralidhar, M., Jayanthi, M., Balasubramanian, C. P., ... & Angel, J. R. J. (2022). Training Manual on shrimp culture and Disease management in Inland Saline Areas. Train. Man. Ser, 30, 177.
Louis, R. D., Perez, E. I., Sangha, R., & Puello-Cruz, A. (2006). Successful culture of larvae of Litopenaeus vannamei fed a microbound formulated diet exclusively from either stage PZ2 or M1 to PL1. Aquaculture, 261(4), 1356-1362. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.09.020.
Magaña-Gallegos, E., Arévalo, M., Cuzon, G., & Gaxiola, G. (2021). Effects of using the biofloc system and eyestalk ablation on reproductive performance and egg quality of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) (Decapoda: Dendrobranchiata: Penaeidae). Animal Reproduction Science, 228, 106749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106749.
Magaña‐Gallegos, E., González‐Zúñiga, R., Cuzon, G., Arevalo, M., Pacheco, E., Valenzuela, M. A., ... & Noreña‐Barroso, E. (2018). Nutritional contribution of biofloc within the diet of growout and broodstock of Litopenaeus vannamei, determined by stable isotopes and fatty acids. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 49(5), 919-932. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12513.
Martínez‐Córdova, L. R., Emerenciano, M., Miranda‐Baeza, A., & Martínez‐Porchas, M. (2015). Microbial‐based systems for aquaculture of fish and shrimp: an updated review. Reviews in Aquaculture, 7(2), 131-148.
Marimuthu, S., Puvaneswari, S., & Lakshmanan, R. (2023). Effect of biofloc technology enriches the growth of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931). Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 1-31. 10.1007/s12010-023-04729-x
McCusker, S., Warberg, M. B., Davies, S. J., Valente, C. D. S., Johnson, M. P., Cooney, R., & Wan, A. H. (2023). Biofloc technology as part of a sustainable aquaculture system: A review on the status and innovations for its expansion. Aquaculture, Fish and Fisheries, 3(4), 331-352.
Menasveta, P. (2002). Improved shrimp growout systems for disease prevention and environmental sustainability in Asia. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 10(3-4), 391-402. https://doi.org/10.1080/20026491051703.
Mohanty, R. K., Ambast, S. K., Panigrahi, P., & Mandal, K. G. (2018). Water quality suitability and water use indices: Useful management tools in coastal aquaculture of Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, 485, 210-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.11.048.
Mugwanya, M., Dawood, M. A., Kimera, F., & Sewilam, H. (2021). Biofloc systems for sustainable production of economically important aquatic species: A review. Sustainability, 13(13), 7255. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137255.
New, M. B., & Kutty, M. N. (2010). Commercial freshwater prawn farming and enhancement around the world. Freshwater Prawns; Biology and Farming, 346-399. 10.1002/9781444314649.ch17
Panigrahi, A., Sundaram, M., Chakrapani, S., Rajasekar, S., Syama Dayal, J., & Chavali, G. (2019). Effect of carbon and nitrogen ratio (C: N) manipulation on the production performance and immunity of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in a biofloc‐based rearing system. Aquaculture Research, 50(1), 29-41. DOI: 10.1111/are.13857
Panjaitan, P. (2011). Effect of C: N ratio levels on water quality and shrimp production parameters in Penaeus monodon shrimp culture with limited water exchange using molasses as a carbon source. ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences, 16(1), 1-8.
PIB, 2023. Press Information Bureau Government of India. Year End Review 2023: Department of Fisheries (Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying) https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1986155.
Pinto, P. H. O., Rocha, J. L., do Vale Figueiredo, J. P., Carneiro, R. F. S., Damian, C., de Oliveira, L., & Seiffert, W. Q. (2020). Culture of marine shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in biofloc technology system using artificially salinized freshwater: Zootechnical performance, economics and nutritional quality. Aquaculture, 520, 734960. 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.734960.
Ray, A. J., Seaborn, G., Leffler, J. W., Wilde, S. B., Lawson, A., & Browdy, C. L. (2010). Characterization of microbial communities in minimal-exchange, intensive aquaculture systems and the effects of suspended solids management. Aquaculture, 310(1-2), 130-138. 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.10.019.
Robles‐Porchas, G. R., Gollas‐Galván, T., Martínez‐Porchas, M., Martínez‐Cordova, L. R., Miranda‐Baeza, A., & Vargas‐Albores, F. (2020). The nitrification process for nitrogen removal in biofloc system aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture, 12(4), 2228-2249. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12431.
Schuler, D. J. (2008). Acute toxicity of ammonia and nitrite to white shrimp L. vannamei at low salinities. Diss (Doctoral dissertation, Master thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University).
Serra, F. P., Gaona, C. A., Furtado, P. S., Poersch, L. H., & Wasielesky, W. (2015). Use of different carbon sources for the biofloc system adopted during the nursery and grow-out culture of Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture International, 23, 1325-1339. DOI: 10.1007/s10499-015-9887-6.
Sun, Y., Zhang, J., Dong, D., Li, M., Yang, X., Song, X., & Li, X. (2024). Effects of carbon source addition strategies on water quality, growth performance, and microbial community in shrimp BFT aquaculture systems. Aquaculture, 578, 740027. 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.740027.
Suneetha, K., Kavitha, K., & Darwin, C. H. (2018). Biofloc Technology: An emerging tool for sustainable aquaculture. Int. J. Zool. Stud, 3, 87-90.
Suneetha, K. & Padmavathi, P. (2019). Sustainable Aquaculture through Recycling of Waste Nutrients using Biofloc Technology. International journal of basic and applied research, 9(5), 588-599.
Tierney, T. W., & Ray, A. J. (2018). Comparing biofloc, clear-water, and hybrid nursery systems (Part I): Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) production, water quality, and stable isotope dynamics. Aquacultural Engineering, 82, 73-79. 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2018.06.002.
Tinh, T. H., Koppenol, T., Hai, T. N., Verreth, J. A., & Verdegem, M. C. (2021). Effects of carbohydrate sources on a biofloc nursery system for whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Aquaculture, 531, 735795. 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735795.
Tinh, T. H., Koppenol, T., Hai, T. N., Verreth, J. A., & Verdegem, M. C. (2021). Effects of carbohydrate sources on a biofloc nursery system for whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Aquaculture, 531, 735795. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735795.
Valencia-Castañeda, G., Frías-Espericueta, M. G., Vanegas-Pérez, R. C., Chávez-Sánchez, M. C., & Páez-Osuna, F. (2020). Physiological changes in the hemolymph of juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to sublethal nitrite and nitrate stress in low-salinity waters. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 80, 103472. DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103472.
Verdegem, M., Buschmann, A. H., Latt, U. W., Dalsgaard, A. J., & Lovatelli, A. (2023). The contribution of aquaculture systems to global aquaculture production. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 54(2), 206-250. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12963.
Wang, X., Ma, S., Dong, S., & Cao, M. (2004). Effects of salinity and dietary carbohydrate levels on growth and energy budget of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. Journal of Shellfish Research, 23(1), 231-237.
Wasielesky Jr, W., Atwood, H., Stokes, A., & Browdy, C. L. (2006). Effect of natural production in a zero exchange suspended microbial floc based super-intensive culture system for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, 258(1-4), 396-403.
Wasielesky Jr, W., Bezerra, A., Poersch, L., Hoffling, F. B., & Krummenauer, D. (2020). Effect of feeding frequency on the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei during the pilot‐scale nursery phase of a superintensive culture in a biofloc system. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 51(5), 1175-1191. 10.1111/jwas.12694.
Wei, Y., Liao, S. A., & Wang, A. L. (2016). The effect of different carbon sources on the nutritional composition, microbial community and structure of bioflocs. Aquaculture, 465, 88-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.08.040.
Xu, W. J., Morris, T. C., & Samocha, T. M. (2016). Effects of C/N ratio on biofloc development, water quality, and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles in a biofloc-based, high-density, zero-exchange, outdoor tank system. Aquaculture, 453, 169-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.11.021.
Yu, Y. B., Choi, J. H., Lee, J. H., Jo, A. H., Lee, J. W., Choi, H. J., ... & Kim, J. H. (2024). The use, application and efficacy of biofloc technology (BFT) in shrimp aquaculture industry: A review. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 33, 103345. 10.1016/j.eti.2023.103345.
Zafar, M. A., & Rana, M. M. (2022). Biofloc technology: an eco-friendly “green approach” to boost up aquaculture production. Aquaculture International, 30(1), 51-72. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/7652354.
Zweig, R. D., Morton, J. D., & Stewart, M. M. (1999). Source water quality for aquaculture: a guide for assessment. The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-4319-X.

Download PDF

Editorial decision: Revision requested
18 Jul, 2024
Reviews received at journal
03 Jul, 2024
Reviews received at journal
03 Jul, 2024
Reviewers agreed at journal
24 Jun, 2024
Reviewers agreed at journal
24 Jun, 2024
Reviewers invited by journal
21 Jun, 2024
Submission checks completed at journal
19 Jun, 2024
First submitted to journal
19 Jun, 2024

You are reading this latest preprint version

Hatchery performance of Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei in biofloc technology by using different carbon sources

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Results and Discussion

Conclusion

Declarations

References

Status:

Version 1